{
  "week": 1,
  "title": "Week 1: Homeostasis & Cell Biology - End of Week Test",
  "passing_score": 70,
  "questions": [
    {
      "question": "Which of the following best describes homeostasis?",
      "options": [
        "The process of cell division",
        "Maintenance of stable internal conditions despite external changes",
        "The production of energy in cells",
        "The transmission of genetic information"
      ],
      "correct": 1,
      "explanation": "Homeostasis is the maintenance of stable internal physiological conditions despite external environmental changes through regulatory mechanisms.",
      "difficulty": "easy",
      "learning_objective": "define_homeostasis"
    },
    {
      "question": "In a standard homeostatic feedback loop, which component detects the change in the controlled condition?",
      "options": [
        "Effector",
        "Receptor",
        "Control centre",
        "Hormone"
      ],
      "correct": 1,
      "explanation": "The receptor or sensor detects the change in the controlled condition and sends information onward for processing.",
      "difficulty": "easy",
      "learning_objective": "describe_feedback_framework"
    },
    {
      "question": "Which option correctly completes the Week 1 homeostatic control framework after receptor detection?",
      "options": [
        "Stimulus -> effector -> control centre -> response",
        "Receptor -> stimulus -> effector -> set point",
        "Control centre -> receptor -> response -> hormone",
        "Receptor -> control centre -> effector -> response"
      ],
      "correct": 3,
      "explanation": "After receptors detect change, the control centre processes the input and directs effectors to produce the response.",
      "difficulty": "medium",
      "learning_objective": "describe_feedback_framework"
    },
    {
      "question": "A patient presents with blood glucose of 18 mmol/L. Which homeostatic mechanism has failed?",
      "options": [
        "Temperature regulation",
        "Glucose regulation",
        "Blood pressure control",
        "pH balance"
      ],
      "correct": 1,
      "explanation": "Markedly elevated blood glucose indicates failure of glucose homeostasis, commonly due to impaired insulin production or response.",
      "difficulty": "medium",
      "type": "clinical_scenario",
      "learning_objective": "explain_homeostasis_importance"
    },
    {
      "question": "What is the primary difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?",
      "options": [
        "Prokaryotic cells are larger than eukaryotic cells",
        "Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound nucleus and organelles",
        "Prokaryotic cells contain DNA while eukaryotic cells do not",
        "Eukaryotic cells can only be found in plants"
      ],
      "correct": 1,
      "explanation": "Eukaryotic cells are distinguished by a membrane-bound nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells lack these structures.",
      "difficulty": "easy",
      "learning_objective": "distinguish_cell_types"
    },
    {
      "question": "A patient is prescribed penicillin for a bacterial infection. Why does this antibiotic kill bacteria but not human cells?",
      "options": [
        "Human cells have thicker membranes that block the drug",
        "Bacteria have a peptidoglycan cell wall that human cells lack",
        "Human cells can neutralize the antibiotic",
        "Bacteria have more DNA targets for the drug"
      ],
      "correct": 1,
      "explanation": "Penicillin targets bacterial peptidoglycan cell walls. Human cells lack this structure, so the drug is selectively toxic to bacteria.",
      "difficulty": "medium",
      "type": "clinical_scenario",
      "learning_objective": "compare_cell_structures"
    },
    {
      "question": "Which organelle is known as the 'powerhouse of the cell' and produces ATP?",
      "options": [
        "Nucleus",
        "Golgi apparatus",
        "Mitochondria",
        "Endoplasmic reticulum"
      ],
      "correct": 2,
      "explanation": "Mitochondria generate ATP through aerobic respiration and oxidative phosphorylation.",
      "difficulty": "easy",
      "learning_objective": "identify_organelles"
    },
    {
      "question": "What is the main function of the cell membrane?",
      "options": [
        "To produce proteins for the cell",
        "To regulate movement of substances and maintain cellular integrity",
        "To store genetic material safely",
        "To synthesize lipids for energy"
      ],
      "correct": 1,
      "explanation": "The cell membrane is a phospholipid bilayer that regulates what enters and leaves the cell while maintaining structure.",
      "difficulty": "easy",
      "learning_objective": "explain_organelle_functions"
    },
    {
      "question": "What is the correct order of mitosis phases?",
      "options": [
        "Telophase, anaphase, metaphase, prophase",
        "Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase",
        "Metaphase, prophase, telophase, anaphase",
        "Anaphase, telophase, prophase, metaphase"
      ],
      "correct": 1,
      "explanation": "Mitosis proceeds in the order prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, followed by cytokinesis.",
      "difficulty": "medium",
      "learning_objective": "describe_mitosis_stages"
    },
    {
      "question": "During which type of cell division does crossing over occur, creating genetic diversity?",
      "options": [
        "Mitosis",
        "Meiosis",
        "Binary fission",
        "Budding"
      ],
      "correct": 1,
      "explanation": "Crossing over occurs during prophase I of meiosis, when homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material.",
      "difficulty": "medium",
      "learning_objective": "compare_mitosis_meiosis"
    },
    {
      "question": "A fetus is found to have Trisomy 21. During which process did the chromosome separation error most likely occur?",
      "options": [
        "Mitosis in skin cells",
        "Meiosis during gamete formation",
        "DNA replication in the nucleus",
        "Protein synthesis on ribosomes"
      ],
      "correct": 1,
      "explanation": "Trisomy 21 usually results from nondisjunction during meiosis, when chromosomes fail to separate properly in gamete formation.",
      "difficulty": "hard",
      "type": "clinical_scenario",
      "learning_objective": "explain_cell_division_purpose"
    },
    {
      "question": "What is checked at the G1 checkpoint of the cell cycle?",
      "options": [
        "Whether the chromosomes have separated to opposite poles",
        "Whether the cell has adequate size, nutrients, and signals to divide",
        "Whether cytokinesis has finished",
        "Whether crossing over has occurred"
      ],
      "correct": 1,
      "explanation": "The G1 checkpoint assesses whether the cell is ready to commit to division by checking size, nutrients, and growth conditions.",
      "difficulty": "medium",
      "learning_objective": "explain_cell_cycle"
    },
    {
      "question": "What is the role of a receptor protein in cell signaling?",
      "options": [
        "To produce ATP for the signaling process",
        "To receive and bind signaling molecules, initiating cellular responses",
        "To break down cellular waste products",
        "To replicate DNA during cell division"
      ],
      "correct": 1,
      "explanation": "Receptors bind signaling molecules and start the cellular processes that lead to a response.",
      "difficulty": "easy",
      "learning_objective": "explain_cell_communication"
    },
    {
      "question": "Which type of cell signaling involves hormones traveling through the bloodstream to distant target cells?",
      "options": [
        "Paracrine signaling",
        "Autocrine signaling",
        "Endocrine signaling",
        "Synaptic signaling"
      ],
      "correct": 2,
      "explanation": "Endocrine signaling uses hormones released into the bloodstream to act on distant target cells.",
      "difficulty": "medium",
      "learning_objective": "explain_cell_communication"
    },
    {
      "question": "What is the main purpose of second messengers such as cAMP, Ca2+, and IP3?",
      "options": [
        "To store DNA inside the nucleus",
        "To amplify and relay signals inside the cell",
        "To form the phospholipid bilayer",
        "To stop all signaling pathways permanently"
      ],
      "correct": 1,
      "explanation": "Second messengers relay and amplify signals from activated receptors to downstream targets inside the cell.",
      "difficulty": "medium",
      "learning_objective": "explain_signal_transduction"
    },
    {
      "question": "In a negative feedback loop, what happens when the system deviates from the set point?",
      "options": [
        "The deviation is amplified further",
        "The system acts to minimize the deviation",
        "No response occurs",
        "The system shuts down completely"
      ],
      "correct": 1,
      "explanation": "Negative feedback produces a response that opposes the disturbance and moves the system back toward its set point.",
      "difficulty": "medium",
      "learning_objective": "differentiate_feedback_loops"
    },
    {
      "question": "During childbirth, oxytocin causes contractions, which trigger more oxytocin release. What type of feedback mechanism is this?",
      "options": [
        "Negative feedback",
        "Positive feedback",
        "Neutral feedback",
        "Delayed feedback"
      ],
      "correct": 1,
      "explanation": "This is positive feedback because the response reinforces the original stimulus until delivery is complete.",
      "difficulty": "medium",
      "learning_objective": "differentiate_feedback_loops"
    },
    {
      "question": "Which term best matches the following definition: \"Simple cells lacking membrane-bound organelles and a true nucleus; includes bacteria and archaea; typically unicellular\"?",
      "options": [
        "Homeostasis",
        "Prokaryotic Cell",
        "Ligand",
        "Stimulus"
      ],
      "correct": 1,
      "explanation": "Prokaryotic Cell is defined as Simple cells lacking membrane-bound organelles and a true nucleus; includes bacteria and archaea; typically unicellular.",
      "difficulty": "easy",
      "learning_objective": "expanded_bio_terminology"
    },
    {
      "question": "Which term best matches the following definition: \"A sensor or signaling protein that detects change or binds a ligand and initiates a cellular response.\"?",
      "options": [
        "Receptor",
        "Control Centre",
        "Diploid",
        "Positive Feedback"
      ],
      "correct": 0,
      "explanation": "Receptor is defined as A sensor or signaling protein that detects change or binds a ligand and initiates a cellular response.",
      "difficulty": "easy",
      "learning_objective": "expanded_bio_terminology"
    },
    {
      "question": "Which term best matches the following definition: \"A regulatory protein that helps control progression through the cell cycle.\"?",
      "options": [
        "Mitosis",
        "Cyclin",
        "CDK",
        "DNA"
      ],
      "correct": 1,
      "explanation": "Cyclin is defined as A regulatory protein that helps control progression through the cell cycle.",
      "difficulty": "easy",
      "learning_objective": "expanded_bio_terminology"
    },
    {
      "question": "Which term best matches the following definition: \"Reductional cell division producing four genetically diverse haploid gametes; essential for sexual reproduction\"?",
      "options": [
        "Cell Signaling",
        "Mitosis",
        "DNA",
        "Meiosis"
      ],
      "correct": 3,
      "explanation": "Meiosis is defined as Reductional cell division producing four genetically diverse haploid gametes; essential for sexual reproduction.",
      "difficulty": "easy",
      "learning_objective": "expanded_bio_terminology"
    },
    {
      "question": "Which term best matches the following definition: \"The muscle, gland, or organ that carries out the response in a feedback loop.\"?",
      "options": [
        "Second Messenger",
        "Cytokinesis",
        "Effector",
        "Prokaryotic Cell"
      ],
      "correct": 2,
      "explanation": "Effector is defined as The muscle, gland, or organ that carries out the response in a feedback loop.",
      "difficulty": "easy",
      "learning_objective": "expanded_bio_terminology"
    },
    {
      "question": "Which term best matches the following definition: \"Phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell that regulates passage of substances and maintains cellular integrity\"?",
      "options": [
        "Cell Membrane",
        "Mitochondria",
        "Ligand",
        "Second Messenger"
      ],
      "correct": 0,
      "explanation": "Cell Membrane is defined as Phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell that regulates passage of substances and maintains cellular integrity.",
      "difficulty": "easy",
      "learning_objective": "expanded_bio_terminology"
    },
    {
      "question": "Which term best matches the following definition: \"A regulatory mechanism in which the response amplifies the original change until the process is completed or interrupted.\"?",
      "options": [
        "Cytokinesis",
        "Second Messenger",
        "Organelle",
        "Positive Feedback"
      ],
      "correct": 3,
      "explanation": "Positive Feedback is defined as A regulatory mechanism in which the response amplifies the original change until the process is completed or interrupted.",
      "difficulty": "easy",
      "learning_objective": "expanded_bio_terminology"
    },
    {
      "question": "Which term best matches the following definition: \"The ordered sequence of events through which a cell grows, replicates DNA, and divides.\"?",
      "options": [
        "Receptor",
        "Cell Cycle",
        "Positive Feedback",
        "Control Centre"
      ],
      "correct": 1,
      "explanation": "Cell Cycle is defined as The ordered sequence of events through which a cell grows, replicates DNA, and divides.",
      "difficulty": "easy",
      "learning_objective": "expanded_bio_terminology"
    }
  ]
}